This lecture explores how surgical data science and AI can improve safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It discusses the variability of procedural difficulty and the need for validated tools to guide surgeons toward achieving the Critical View of Safety. The talk outlines global efforts to build large annotated datasets and introduces a computer vision system that automatically documents key surgical moments. It also highlights early real-time AI demonstrations in the operating room, while noting that no intraoperative AI tools are yet clinically approved.